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Douglas, Rodney J.; Koch, Christof; Mahowald, Misha; Martin, Kevan A. C.; Suarez, Humbert H. Recurrent Excitation in Neocortical Circuits. Science, Volume 269, Issue 5226, pp. 981-985.

I’ve only skimmed this article, so beware that I may not correctly understand it.

This article proposes that recurrent excitation in cortex leads to amplification, and analyzes this using the mathematics of basic amplifiers (taught in introductory electrical engineering courses; i.e. open-loop gain and closed loop gain).

They construct a simulation based on this principal that agrees with some electrophysiological and pharmacological results from neurobiology experiments in layer IV of V1.

At the end, they conjecture that a sensory network could use this principal for noise reduction and possibly pattern recognition.